Abstract: This article is a comprehensive study of various aspects of demographic change in the countries of Central Asia. It considers population aging and its impact on health care, the economy, and social policy. The writers use a systems approach, along with analysis, comparison, synthesis, deduction, and classification. In the field of health care, there is an increasing need for geriatrics and long-term care for elderly citizens. In the economic sphere, population aging leads to demographic imbalances and challenges in pension systems, which require revision of social programs and policies. In the area of social policy, the problems for older people include social exclusion and limited access to the labor market. The writers analyze demographic indicators in Central Asia and China and provide recommendations for improving access to health and social support for older people. These research findings could be used in the development and implementation of strategies for effective social governance in response to aging populations: adaptive approaches to health care, labor management, and social security, and sustainable and inclusive social systems.